Property law is a surprising area of law, as it governs many more areas than you may initially expect. The following article will aim to summarise the key components of property law, outline the jobs available in the property law remit, explain the day to day functions of a property law practitioner.
<h2><strong>What is Property Law?</strong></h2>
The significance of property law (PL) cannot be overstated. Everyone in England and Wales will interact with PL at some point in their lives. Its scope covers situations from a neighbour’s tree overhanging in your garden, to the purchase and sale of billions of pounds worth of oil. The breadth in the nature of PL is reflected in the variations between different PL practitioner’s day to day functions, as will be discussed later.

PL dates all the way back to Roman times, and as its name suggests, it is the rulebook that governs land, and anything attached to it. This includes trees, buildings, oil and treasure. For example, a common situation which involves PL would be the investigation of who is the true owner of a piece of land. This may involve examining deeds, reading old agreements and researching land registry records. This can sometimes be very complex.

PL covers the acquisition of property (e.g. buying a new home), the protections of people’s interests (e.g. a neighbour building an extension that would plunge your garden into eternal shade) or the conflicts of people’s interests (e.g. if a neighbour is playing their music too loud all the time, which affects your interest to enjoy your home).

PL’s breadth is reflected in the wealth of laws that govern the area. Some of the key authorities for PL are: <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/15-16/20">The Law of Property Act 1925</a>, Case of Mines (1568), Elitestone Ltd v Morris [1997], The Land Registration Act 2002, The Law of Charges Act 1925, and even the European Convention on Human Rights (as demonstrated in Manchester CC v Pinnock [2010]).
<h2><strong>What Does a Property Lawyer Do?</strong></h2>
There is no straightforward answer to this question, because of the breadth of this area of law. To give a brief indication:
<ol>
 	<li>A lower level property law barrister, perhaps with 1-3 years experience, will be appearing in court regularly, and will be instructed for small land disputes. They may be arguing that a claimant is not able to enjoy his land, because the defendant plays loud music all day and all night.</li>
</ol>
<ol start="2">
 	<li>A lower level land solicitor, again with 1-3 years of experience, may spend their time preparing bundles for smaller, or medium sized disputes. They will be speaking to clients, collating information and researching laws and procedures, ready for the barrister to argue in court.</li>
</ol>
<ol start="3">
 	<li>A higher level barrister (a Queen’s Counsel barrister, or a barrister with 10-15 years of experience) may spend their days primarily in their chambers (offices) preparing larger cases, such as a dispute regarding the sale of an expensive piece of real estate. They will appear in court less, as (i) the cases require more preparation, and because (ii) more expensive, higher level cases settle out of court more often than their lower level counterparts.</li>
</ol>
<ol start="4">
 	<li>A higher level solicitor, perhaps who works in a large city law firm may spend their time negotiating with their opponent’s legal team, researching complex laws regarding expensive pieces of land and drafting contracts or deeds, which include the transfer of expensive pieces of land.</li>
</ol>
<h2><strong>Property Law Jobs</strong></h2>
Due to the amount of property law work, most <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/law-firms/">law firms</a> will practice in this area. It is your choice as to whether you want to work in a large city law firm, such as Clifford Chance or DWF on higher level complex cases, or in a smaller local law firm, working on smaller cases, perhaps dealing with the every-day sale of properties. There are an abundance of local law firms, and there may even be one on your local high street.

Similar can be said for the barrister-side of property law, and it is your choice as to whether you will want to work on larger or smaller cases. The more premium chambers such as Falcon Chambers, Landmark Chambers, Wilberforce Chambers and Kings Chambers will all offer higher level work from a lower level of experience, but all sets will bring with them the opportunity to progress to handling high level pieces of work.

By Josh Parsons

Areas of Law: Property Law

In this article an overview of International Arbitration, as an area of law, will be provided. An area of law is about a focus on one <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/news/">legal sector</a>, such as criminal law. Some areas of Law are more common, perhaps because they are seen as foundational for any Law degree and majority of people who have read Law, have studied them. However, some other areas are considered more niche such as International Arbitration.

Arbitration is an up and coming way of resolving disputes. Instead of turning to litigation, meaning going through the court trial process, parties often prefer arbitration. This is because it can be more flexible and effective. In addition, it is often cheaper, quicker and more private compared to a public trial. The difference between litigation and arbitration is relatively easy to understand.

It becomes more complicated when one discusses the difference between mediation and arbitration. Mediation is often described as settling a dispute through commercial negotiation. Whereas, in an arbitration the parties agree that the arbitrators’ decision in their private hearing will be binding.
<h2><strong>What is International Arbitration?</strong></h2>
In an International Arbitration there are often two different parties which aim to resolve a dispute. The lawyers of both parties choose an arbitrator each. Then, those two arbitrators choose a third arbitrator, thus creating a group of three arbitrators. The lawyers present their clients’ case in front of these three arbitrators and provide evidence as well as witness statements.

International Arbitration now allows for parties from different cultural, linguistic or legal contexts to solve their disputes in a binding and final way. This also avoids the bureaucracy and formalities of the procedures in their respective legal systems.
<h2><strong>What Does an International Arbitration Lawyer Do?</strong></h2>
An International Arbitration lawyer would first receive instructions from their client and understand what the potential problem is. They would then review the documents, contracts as well as talk to witnesses. Moreover, they would draft a memo for their client for which they might collaborate with local lawyers. If the client wishes to proceed, they would draft and submit initiation papers.

After the respondent replies, they would be invited to the tribunal for their first procedural hearing. Often when it comes to commercial arbitration, they would exchange documents that act as evidence which each side would use during the arbitration. Furthermore, the claimants’ lawyers would develop a Memorial where they would present the evidence and facts in a very detailed manner.

After the Defense Memorial has been submitted, there would be some further rounds of memorials that relate to Reply and Rejoinder. Then, in the final hearings, questioning of the witnesses, cross examination as well as oral argumentations would occur. Afterwards, the lawyers would submit final, post-hearing briefs. Lastly, the tribunal would produce a reasoned award based on the majority view.
<h2><strong>What Makes a Good International Arbitration Lawyer?</strong></h2>
Characteristics that make a good International Arbitration lawyer are often:
<ul>
 	<li>Communication skills</li>
 	<li>Presentation skills</li>
 	<li>Adaptability</li>
 	<li>Curiosity</li>
 	<li>Objectivity</li>
 	<li>International Mindset</li>
 	<li>Open-mindedness</li>
 	<li>And an ability to be precise, while spontaneous in both written and spoken word.</li>
</ul>
<h2><strong>International Arbitration Firms</strong></h2>
Some law firms that are famous when it comes to International Arbitration are:
<ul>
 	<li>White &amp; Case LLP</li>
 	<li>Hogan Lovells LLP</li>
 	<li>Clifford Chance LLP</li>
 	<li>Allen &amp; Overy LLP</li>
 	<li>Debevoise &amp; Plimpton LLP</li>
 	<li>Latham &amp; Watkins LLP</li>
 	<li>Clyde &amp; Co LLP</li>
 	<li>Linklaters LLP</li>
 	<li>Kirkland &amp; Ellis LLP</li>
 	<li>Norton Rose Fullbright</li>
</ul>
By Kleoniki Mastorakou

Areas of Law: International Arbitration

Immigration specialists represent private people and businesses in matters of migration and citizenship problems. This complicated subject of law necessitates broad legal expertise, especially in fields of human rights, social protection, labor, and mental wellbeing.
<h2><strong>What Do Immigration Lawyers Do?</strong></h2>
Immigration lawyers handle cases who are applying to the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Home Office</a> for indefinite leave to remain in the United Kingdom, appealing Home Office rulings, or attempting to bring their family into the country. Those fleeing from insecure authoritarian systems who come in the UK from elsewhere apart from&nbsp;the <a href="https://www.efta.int/eea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Economic Area</a> and wish to&nbsp;seek asylum are advised by immigration lawyers. Domestic and multinational businesses use business immigration lawyers to move non-resident workers from overseas operations to the UK and hire noncitizens in national offices.

In order to practise immigration law, you must become a participant of the Law Society’s Immigration and Asylum Accreditation Scheme. Thereafter, passing all accreditation examinations to practise immigration law.
<h2><strong>Immigration Lawyer Daily Tasks</strong></h2>
<strong>Listen</strong>&nbsp;– Listening to a client’s situation is the first step towards representing them. Whether the client is the immigrant, a relative or close of the immigrant,&nbsp;an immigration lawyer must listen to the client’s narrative. The immigration lawyer can only limit down the possibilities for making decisions depending on the client’s situation, needs, and objectives after listening to the case and obtaining all relevant data.

<strong>Advise</strong>&nbsp;– Lawyers give legal advice and counsel to clients, but it is up to the clients to figure out how to manage their cases. A client’s position, for example, might make him or her eligible for a variety of visas. After listening to the contents of the client’s case, the lawyer can inform the client on their legal choices under immigration rules, allowing the client to determine how the matter should be handled.

<strong>File applications</strong>&nbsp;– Several immigration cases begin with a petition or application to the United Kingdom. Many matters are settled wholly within the immigration&nbsp;department, with no need for an immigration court appearance. The lawyer’s role in these administrative situations is to draught an application for the client, presenting the facts in the clearest way to get the&nbsp;application accepted.

<strong>Monitor applications</strong>&nbsp;– When an application is granted, the lawyer advises the client for any extra actions that must be taken in order to remain in accordance with immigration law. A lawyer can also counsel and advise the client on the measures that can be followed to transfer the client’s current&nbsp;status from permanent resident to UK citizen.&nbsp; In the case that an&nbsp;application is refused, the lawyer counsels and recommends the client on how to cope with the decision and any other options available.

<strong>Court Appearance</strong>– When an application is granted, the lawyer advises the client for any extra actions that must be taken in order to remain in accordance with immigration law. A lawyer can also counsel and advise the client on the measures that can be followed to transfer the client’s current&nbsp;status from permanent resident to UK citizen.&nbsp; In the case that an&nbsp;application is refused, the lawyer counsels and recommends the client on how to cope with the decision and any other options available.
<h2><strong>Immigration Law Firms in the UK</strong></h2>
Below is a list of top immigration firms in the UK including one leading immigration chambers.
<ul>
 	<li>AY &amp; J Solicitors</li>
 	<li>Farani Taylor Solicitors</li>
 	<li>Laura Devine Immigration</li>
 	<li>Richmond Chambers</li>
 	<li>Gulbenkian Andonian</li>
 	<li>Edmans &amp; Co</li>
 	<li>OTS Solicitors</li>
 	<li>Kingsley Napley</li>
</ul>
To sum up, experience, latest research, analytics, and reasoning are all used by a skilled immigration lawyer to develop unique and new tactics for achieving the aim. When defending their clients, the greatest immigration lawyers are also persistent, continuously coming up with fresh ideas when barriers arise.

By Ajmeet Nagpal

Areas of Law: Immigration Law

Family law is a diverse practice area, named as such due to its intricate involvement with the family and its many forms. As such, family law covers anything from prenuptial agreements to child visitation rights. Issues family lawyers can expect to encounter are complex, not only because of the legal aspects of each case, but because they become involved in extremely personal aspects of people’s lives. They require such intimate details to properly represent their clients, be it in a contentious divorce, or a prenuptial agreement. Family lawyers will be aware that emotional intelligence is almost as important as academic success when it comes to this area of the law.

Nonetheless, a career in family law isn’t just divorces and disputes involving children. Family law has developed just like all other aspects of the law and continues to be shaped through the modern times in which we live. Examples of the changing nature of the work undertaken family solicitors and barristers include rights surrounding frozen embryos, surrogacy, and the application of the law towards same-sex couples. All lawyers think their area of the law is special, and the same goes for family lawyers. However, what makes the work family lawyers do unique is their aforementioned involvement in the lives of those they represent.
<h2><strong>Areas of Family Law Practice</strong></h2>
<ul>
 	<li>Child abduction,</li>
 	<li>Child protection,</li>
 	<li>Adoption,</li>
 	<li>Advocacy,</li>
 	<li>Paternity,</li>
 	<li>Contact,</li>
 	<li>Domestic abuse,</li>
 	<li>Emancipation,</li>
 	<li>Surrogacy</li>
</ul>
<h2><strong>What Does a Family Lawyer Do?</strong></h2>
No day is the same for any lawyer, but a family lawyer’s days can be extremely varied. Whilst what a typical day looks like for a family lawyer will depend on whether they’re a <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/difference-between-a-solicitor-and-a-barrister/">solicitor or barrister</a>, the areas may be the same. Like all lawyers, family lawyers may choose to specialise further, again affecting what it is they do on a daily basis. However, some tasks will remain the same across the board. You can expect to be preparing documents for court, speaking with clients, and so on. The nature of the documents is what will differ most from other lawyers.

It’s unlikely you’ll encounter anyone but a family lawyer researching UK and European legislation surrounding divorce. Moreover, depending on the case, family lawyers will liaise with psychologists, healthcare professionals, social workers, and the police. They may also advise their client through complex claims and alternative dispute resolutions to court, as such they will require strong negotiating skills. Other skills required to be successful in family law include interpersonal and research skills. You will have to be able to work with people from all walks of life. Emotional intelligence is paramount, but it is also important you have to ability to remain professional when dealing with situations which may be emotionally taxing.
<h2><strong>Family Law Firms</strong></h2>
A list of well-regarded family <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/law-firms/">law firms</a>:
<ul>
 	<li>Charles Russel Speechlys LLP</li>
 	<li>Dawson Cornwell</li>
 	<li>Farrer &amp; Co</li>
 	<li>Mischon de Reya LLP</li>
 	<li>Payne Hicks Beach</li>
 	<li>Withers LLP</li>
 	<li>Forsters LLP</li>
 	<li>Freemans Solicitors</li>
 	<li>Goodman Ray</li>
 	<li>Harbottle &amp; Lewis LLP</li>
 	<li>Penningtons Manches Cooper LLP</li>
</ul>
By Tara Williams – Ryan

Areas of Law: Family Law

Alongside opportunities to work on headline-grabbing, meaningful deals, the sector provides fantastic international opportunities. With a diverse range of work, the energy sector is not one to be overlooked.
<h2><strong>What is Energy Law?</strong></h2>
Energy lawyers are responsible for the facilitation of key transactions in the sector, from the procurement of fossil fuels to the sale of solar farms. Lawyers in the sector must also guide clients through the strict national and international regulations that govern the industry.
<h2><strong>What Sectors Does Energy Law Cover?</strong></h2>
<ul>
 	<li>Contract</li>
 	<li>Litigation</li>
 	<li>Commercial</li>
 	<li>Compliance</li>
 	<li>Corporate finance</li>
 	<li>International arbitration</li>
 	<li>M&amp;A</li>
</ul>
<h2><strong>What is Special About Energy Law?</strong></h2>
Due to the sector’s highly international nature, excellent knowledge of international current affairs is of fundamental importance. Unlike other areas of law, much of the work in the energy sector is contingent on international relations, so an interest in politics would be beneficial. For instance, Russia has recently been subject to allegations of constricting the supply of gas to Europe to slow down the economic response to COVID-19.

Energy law client engagements are often long term. While M&amp;A transactions may only last a few months, longer development projects can sometimes span several years. This offers a rare opportunity to follow projects from inception, to completion, and eventually to their decommissioning.

The sector is also transitioning. Unlike other areas of law such as real estate and corporate finance, which have operated in the same way for decades, the energy sector is undergoing radical change: oil and gas is on the way out and the number of renewable energy projects is skyrocketing. This offers an exciting opportunity to pioneer.
<h2><strong>Why Lawyers Choose Energy Law?</strong></h2>
<h3><strong>International Outlook</strong>:</h3>
As energy sources are primarily outside of the UK, energy law is a highly international practice area. The sector offers great opportunities for international travel and to work with a broad range of individuals from different countries.

Cross-border work is also challenging, something many energy lawyers describe as intellectually stimulating. Dealing with matters in a range of jurisdictions requires energy lawyers to constantly update their knowledge.
<h3><strong>Meaningful Work:</strong></h3>
Lawyers in the energy sector are often motivated by a desire to mitigate climate change. By advising clients on their divestment in fossil fuels and investment in renewables, lawyers are contributing to the global effort to decarbonise.

Work in the energy sector is also rewarding as it provides essential services to developing countries. Many firms, such as <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/law-firms/pinsent-masons/">Pinsent Masons</a>, are setting up offices in Africa, where investment in renewables is increasing dramatically.
<h3><strong>Headline Grabbing Deals:</strong></h3>
As climate change progresses, there is increasing interest in the deals that are being negotiated by oil giants such as a <a href="https://www.chevron.com/worldwide/united-kingdom#deliveringenergy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chevron</a> and <a href="https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/what-we-do/our-business-model.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BP</a>. For those looking to work on large deals that feature in the <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/news/">news</a>, energy might be a great option.
<h2><strong>What Does an Energy Lawyer Do?</strong></h2>
Energy lawyers may be required to advise clients during large procurement transactions, to handle the taxation of energy, to secure licences for energy generation, and to purchase ownership rights over important oil fields.
<h2><strong>How is Climate Change Affecting the Work of an Energy Lawyer?</strong></h2>
Historically, the majority of work carried out by energy lawyers has been helping clients to buy and sell fossil fuels or navigate strict environmental regulations. However, climate change is forcing the sector to adapt. Increasingly, lawyers are advising clients on the procurement of renewable energy technologies and are acting to help their clients transition to net-zero.
<h2><strong>Top Energy Law Firms</strong></h2>
<h3><strong>Oil and Gas:</strong></h3>
<ul>
 	<li>Vinson and Elkins</li>
 	<li>Baker Botts</li>
 	<li>Kirkland and Ellis</li>
 	<li>Latham and Watkins</li>
 	<li>Norton Rose Fulbright</li>
 	<li>Bracewell</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Renewables and Clean Technology:</strong></h3>
<ul>
 	<li>Orrick</li>
 	<li>Latham and Watkins</li>
 	<li>Norton Rose Fulbright</li>
 	<li>Milbank</li>
 	<li>Vinson and Elkins</li>
 	<li>Sidley Austin</li>
</ul>
By Will Turnbull

Areas of Law: Energy Law

You will have definitely heard of criminal law before. It is arguably the most important area of law and it interacts with millions of people on a day-to-day basis. It is the heart and soul of a nation’s legal system, and typically, when one thinks of ‘the law’, they will think of criminal law. However, the realities of within the criminal law remit are not at all similar to how they are portrayed in the media. This article will inform you as to what criminal law really is, the realities of a career as a criminal lawyer and the ingredients that make a good criminal lawyer.
<h2><strong>Introduction To Criminal Law: The Basics</strong></h2>
Criminal law is what holds members of society accountable for their potentially criminal behaviour, and its aims are essentially to punish, rehabilitate and deter people from committing crime. It does this through prison, community service, fines, and various other options.

The option used will vary depending on the severity of the crime that one has been found guilty of. For example, murder holds a mandatory life sentence in prison (25 years), whereas an assault may simply result in a fine.

In order for someone to be found guilty of an ‘offence’, the prosecution needs to prove that they have committed the offence ‘beyond reasonable doubt’. This means that you cannot be guilty of a crime if you ‘probably’ committed it. The justification for this is because it would be unfair to restrict someone’s freedoms or give them a criminal record because they probably committed the crime.

Comparatively, in civil law, where there are little potential restrictions on one’s freedoms, the burden of proof is ‘on the balance of probability’. Also, it must be noted that the burden of proof lies on the prosecution and not the defendant. This is because it would be unfair for a defendant to prove they are not guilty, simply because they are accused of something.

The criminal process begins with the committing of an offence. Then, the police will investigate the offence, and when they are satisfied with who they believe committed the offence, they will give the case to the ‘<a href="https://www.cps.gov.uk/about-cps/criminal-justice-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Crown Prosecution Service</a>’, who will determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring a case against a defendant to court. In court, the CPS (prosecution) must persuade the judge (in the magistrates courts), or the jury that the defendant has committed the offence.

Conversely, the defendant’s lawyer will try to prove the defendant’s innocence, or cast a sufficient amount of doubt onto the prosecution’s case, in order to destroy the possibility that the jury believes the defendant committed the crime beyond reasonable doubt. The judge/ jury will reach an outcome, and then the judge will decide on the suitable punishment for the defendant, in order to match the severity of the crime.
<h2><strong>So, You Want to Be a Criminal Lawyer?</strong></h2>
If you want to be a criminal lawyer, it must be said that the role is not at all as glamorous as it is portrayed on television. Often, it is not a high octane, cutting edge profession with exciting cases every day. Instead, you may find yourself researching what the sentencing guidelines are for an assault.&nbsp;

The day-to-day tasks of a criminal lawyer will vary massively depending on a variety of factors, such as whether you are a <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/difference-between-a-solicitor-and-a-barrister/">solicitor or a barrister</a> or whether you are defending or prosecuting. However, no matter which role you may find yourself in, here are a few things you can expect to find in your daily routine as a criminal lawyer:
<ul>
 	<li>Conducting interviews with clients</li>
 	<li>Preparing and ‘drafting’ submissions for the courts</li>
 	<li>Collating and analysing evidence</li>
 	<li>Reading and researching criminal law</li>
 	<li>Formulating arguments and predicting counter arguments</li>
 	<li>Argumentation, both written and oral</li>
 	<li>Speaking with superiors: whether that may be to a judge, a partner solicitor or a Queens Counsel barrister.</li>
</ul>
In order to really thrive in this area of law, there are a number of skills which are quintessential. Firstly, you need incredible interpersonal skills. Whether you are a solicitor or a barrister, you will be interacting with members of the public, and you need them to be on your side. If you are a solicitor, then you need your client to trust you, so they can tell you as much information as possible, to improve your chances of winning the case.

If you are in the Crown Prosecution Service, you will need information from people: witnesses, police personnel and colleagues. You will not be able to retrieve this information if you seem abrasive or unfriendly. If you are a barrister, you need to be persuasive. No matter what side you are on, you need to persuade the judge or the jury that your case is correct. In order to be persuasive, you need to be liked, seem in control, seem powerful and seem as though you are helping them reach the right conclusion. Great interpersonal skills are important for this.

You also need great analytical skills, have an ability to manage large workloads at once, and have an ability to digest vast sums of information quickly. You may receive a case brief the night or two before a trial/ hearing, and it is up to you to familiarise yourself with this information, learn it, and recall it at a whim when in court, or in an interview. There are, of course, more skills you need to be a great criminal lawyer, but these are the most prominent examples.
<h2><strong>What Jobs Are Available in Criminal Law?</strong></h2>
There are many types of jobs available in the criminal law remit:
<ul>
 	<li>Judge</li>
 	<li>Solicitor</li>
 	<li>Barrister</li>
 	<li>A role in the Crown Prosecution Service</li>
 	<li>A police officer</li>
 	<li>A detective</li>
 	<li>A judge’s assistant</li>
 	<li>A barrister’s clerk</li>
 	<li><a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/what-is-a-paralegal/">Paralegal</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/what-is-a-legal-secretary/">Legal secretary</a></li>
 	<li>Legal receptionist</li>
 	<li>+ more</li>
</ul>
<h2><strong>Where Can I Get a Job in Criminal Law?</strong></h2>
Most legal institutions will practice criminal law, save for the commercial firms and chambers. There are hundreds of criminal practicing solicitors in the UK, and typically they will be located in smaller firms, compared to their multinational, <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/law-firms/magic-circle-law-firms/">magic circle</a>, Canary Wharf commercial counterparts. There are too many Solicitors firms to mention here, a quick google search will return hundreds of criminal practicing Solicitors.

There are also many criminal practicing barristers. The following sets are examples of chambers that practice in criminal law:
<ul>
 	<li>Exchange Chambers</li>
 	<li>St Pauls Barristers Chambers</li>
 	<li>Park Square Barristers</li>
 	<li>2 Bedford Row</li>
 	<li>2 Hare Court</li>
 	<li>Doughty Street Chambers</li>
 	<li>Garden Court Chambers</li>
</ul>
By Josh Parsons

Areas of Law: Criminal Law

<h2><strong>What is Corporate Law?</strong></h2>
Corporate law, sometimes also referred to as company law or business law, is the legal regulation of companies and other organisations all under the term ‘corporations’. This includes corporate practices such as corporate governance and the legal conduct of persons involved in organisations. Corporate law encompasses the lifetime of businesses from their formation, funding, governance, to their eventual end (if it ever happens).

Those involved in Corporate Law are typically any individuals with a stake in a corporation. This includes investors, shareholders, directors, employees, creditors, consumers and even the wider community. Those working for a company are ruled not just by the law regulating business but also a company’s constitution. This is a collection of what are known as ‘articles of association’ that serve as an internal governing document for the company. This document is typically drafted by corporate lawyers and legally binds the company and its members to the constitution, requiring them to observe all of the rules set in place. Failure to follow a corporation’s constitution can result in internal punishments and sometimes a court injunction (a special court order that compels a party to do or refrain from specific acts).
<h2><strong>What Does a Corporate Lawyer Do?</strong></h2>
Your typical day to day working for a firm as a corporate lawyer would likely include working with a business’s partners or other high ranking members to conduct business focused legal tasks such as due diligence (where a lawyer is hired to appraise a business for prospective buyers). You may also need to negotiate contracts for your client with different parties both internal and external. Additionally, you may sometimes be asked to verify accounts and finances for business transactions and ensure terms of contracts are kept. Most importantly however corporate lawyers are key navigating the provisions of a company’s constitution. This is the law of a corporation and is treated as the rulebook for all internal matters.
<h2><strong>What are the Steps to Becoming a Corporate Lawyer?</strong></h2>
When deciding to go down this career path you should be sure you have the skills needed to be successful in this area. Examples of what you need would be:
<ul>
 	<li>Strong conceptual knowledge of corporate law</li>
 	<li><a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/what-is-commercial-awareness/">Commercial awareness</a> (such as trends in the industry and any developments that may impact the sector)</li>
 	<li>Good communication skills for dealing with clients</li>
</ul>
With the basic skills out of the way, the first step towards becoming a corporate lawyer is to complete an undergraduate degree in law (LLB), or a degree in another subject and then the 1 year<a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/law-conversion-course-pgdl/"> law conversion course</a>.

From here you will then need to complete the <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/what-is-the-lpc/">LPC</a> or the <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/the-solicitors-qualifying-examination-sqe/">SQE</a> (both currently available paths) and obtain a training contract.

If you’re interested in a career as a corporate barrister not solicitor, you’ll have to take the BPTC, then complete your training with a pupillage.

From here you will need to pick a firm that specialises in corporate law and show your interest in developing your skills in this area!
<h2><strong>Tips for Aspiring Corporate Lawyers</strong></h2>
<ul>
 	<li><strong>Networking</strong>: the power of networking cannot be understated. Making connections with those in the area of law you hope to practise one day can make all the difference. LinkedIn is an excellent way of building connections, and oftentimes corporate lawyers are more than happy to provide advice to budding lawyers who message them.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
 	<li><strong>Become a mentor/mentee</strong>: mentoring is an amazing way to help those who are at different stages of their law journey. Almost any corporate lawyer you speak to (or any lawyer for that matter) will have been mentored at some point in their career, whether they realise it or not. Organisations such as GROW pair up aspiring lawyers with those who have already qualified or are doing their training contract. Mentors can provide you with one-to-one advice and help as you navigate the process to becoming a corporate lawyer. Mentors come from numerous different firms and include established corporate lawyers.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
 	<li><strong>Commercial awareness</strong>: read the news and stay abreast of what’s going on in the corporate world. As already stated, corporate lawyers will deal with all things relating to a company, including but not limited to initial public offerings, mergers and acquisitions, joint venture agreements, and restructuring. Bigger deals will be covered in publications such as the Financial Times (many universities provide a free online subscription). Understanding and explaining these transactions can set you apart from other candidates and be what makes the difference in securing a vacation scheme or training contract for a corporate firm.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
 	<li><strong>Be persistent:&nbsp;</strong>it can be tempting to give up if you’ve just been rejected from the fifth vacation scheme you applied to. However, it’s incredibly rare not to be rejected at some point. The important thing to do once you’ve been rejected, is understanding what went wrong. Many firms will say they’re not able to give you feedback, but it can be worth reaching out anyway as some firms are willing to provide feedback in individual cases. Nonetheless, you can normally see what went wrong just by reading your application back some months on. Keep a note of any issues you spot and refer to it once you begin the process again. Mistakes can be as simple as spelling the firm’s name wrong in your answer, implying a lack of care, or providing vague answers to questions.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
 	<li><strong>Be proactive:&nbsp;</strong>the competition for training contracts is fierce, particularly for corporate firms. As such, think about what you can do to make yourself stand out. Unfortunately, having strong academics is simply no longer enough to convince a firm you’d be a great trainee. Corporate firms want to see evidence that you’re a well-rounded person, who can work well under pressure, and is driven and therefore willing to put in the work. Showing you’re the ideal candidate can be done using activities from outside of studying. For example, you may work in a busy city-centre bar every Friday and Saturday night, meaning you have some experience working in a high-pressure environment. The same can be said for working in a target-oriented call-centre.</li>
</ul>
<h2><strong>Famous Firms</strong></h2>
Here’s a list of notable firms well known for their corporate practices. All of which provide vacation schemes where you can apply to start your journey as a corporate lawyer!

Clifford Chance&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cliffordchance.com/">https://www.cliffordchance.com</a>

Allen &amp; Overy&nbsp;<a href="https://www.allenovery.com/">https://www.allenovery.com/</a>

Linklaters&nbsp;<a href="https://www.linklaters.com/">https://www.linklaters.com/</a>&nbsp;

Travers Smith&nbsp;<a href="https://www.traverssmith.com/">https://www.traverssmith.com/</a>

Bird &amp; Bird&nbsp;<a href="https://www.twobirds.com/">https://www.twobirds.com/</a>

Baker &amp; McKenzie&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bakermckenzie.com/">https://www.bakermckenzie.com/</a>

Norton Rose Fulbright&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/">https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/</a>

Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer&nbsp;<a href="https://www.freshfields.com/">https://www.freshfields.com/</a>

Hogan Lovells&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hoganlovells.com/">https://www.hoganlovells.com/</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

Berwin Leighton Paisner&nbsp;<a href="https://www.blplaw.com/">https://www.blplaw.com/</a>

Written by Louis Bellman and edited by Tara Williams-Ryan

Areas of Law: Corporate Law

Contract Law is an area of law that will be encountered by every student studying a <a href="https://www.sra.org.uk/become-solicitor/legal-practice-course-route/qualifying-law-degree-common-professional-examination/qualifying-law-degree-providers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">qualifying law degree </a>(QLD) as it is one of the 7 compulsory modules that are included in a QLD. An understanding of contract law is essential in order to qualify as a lawyer as contract rules and concepts are often found in many other areas of law.  &nbsp;
<h2><strong>What is Contract Law?</strong> &nbsp;</h2>
As the name suggests, this area of law looks at the regulation of contracts. This includes everything from the formation of a contract to how a contract is upheld. A contract is a type of agreement that is enforceable by law. The majority of people are unaware that we enter into contracts on a daily basis.

When we purchase clothes or buy a train ticket there is a contractual relationship that arises. It is typically only when problems occur that the basic things we do in everyday life suddenly require contractual scrutiny. In those instances, the law of contract seeks to determine fault and offer potential solutions.  &nbsp;

Common contracts that lawyers have to deal with include:  &nbsp;
<ul>
 	<li>terms and conditions</li>
 	<li>rent agreements, mortgages</li>
 	<li>loan agreements</li>
 	<li>receipts</li>
</ul>
A characteristic of working in this area of law is that you will most likely have to sift through large quantities of paperwork. Contractual agreements often involve multiple parties meaning that cases may require correspondence between the parties. This element means that contract proceedings can sometimes be lengthy, lasting many months or even years. &nbsp;
<h2><strong>What Does a Contract Lawyer Do?</strong> &nbsp;</h2>
Lawyers in this specific area of law will usually work on cases from beginning to end.  &nbsp;

A contract case can involve:  &nbsp;
<ul>
 	<li>Filing</li>
 	<li>Investigation</li>
 	<li>Pleas and motions in court</li>
 	<li>Negotiating settlements</li>
 	<li>Conducting a trial</li>
</ul>
It is a very sought-out area of law and there is much work around for contract lawyers, however, the working hours can be long. Aspects of contract law are also integrated into other areas of law, for example corporate law, land law and even family law. &nbsp;
<h2><strong>Qualities of a  Contract Lawyer</strong> &nbsp;</h2>
The most important trait of a contract lawyer is good attention to detail. It is paramount that contract lawyers are capable of spotting finer details in a contract as often, those are the key elements that get disputed in a case. Often contracts bind people to sums of money and to something for set periods of time; if there is a contractual mistake, or a failure to spot something in a contract, it can be very difficult to rectify the issue. &nbsp;
<h2><strong>Contract Lawyer Workplace</strong> &nbsp;</h2>
There are a variety of workplaces that a contract lawyer may choose. Some open private practices working independently or with fellow contract lawyers. Others choose to work as in-house counsels for companies or institutions. Many work at law firms that have a&nbsp;wide practice area and work with the firm’s clients. When looking at firms that are famous for their contract dealings, we can consider the famous <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/law-firms/magic-circle-law-firms/">magic circle law firms</a> that deal with commercial contracts: &nbsp;
<ul>
 	<li>Allen &amp;&nbsp;Overy</li>
 	<li>Clifford Chance</li>
 	<li>Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer</li>
 	<li>Linklaters</li>
 	<li>Slaughter&nbsp;and May  &nbsp;</li>
</ul>
By Stephanie Heringa

Areas of Law: Contract Law

If you have ever seen the TV Show ‘Suits’, then you may think you have an inclination of what commercial law is all about: glamorous cases, amazing outfits and incredible excitement. Whilst this may sometimes be true, the realities of the day to day life of a commercial law practitioner may be far more mundane.
<h2><strong>What is Commercial Law?</strong></h2>
Commercial law is an extremely important component of the legal system. It is what governs much of the society that we live in today. It provides a system of rules which businesses must abide by, to regulate the market, and to ensure that the mechanics of the business world operate smoothly. It encapsulates a wide array of circumstances: from mergers and acquisitions, to the formation and modification of contracts, to the competition of businesses, to the way businesses must interact with society.

Inevitably, the cases involving the most significant sums of money are likely to fall into the realm of commercial law, because of the size of some businesses and the wealth that they have. However, this does not mean that all commercial law cases involve vast sums of money.

A commercial practitioner with little experience in a smaller law firm may find themselves working mainly on insolvency cases or liquidation cases- where a business is having financial difficulties and wishes to cease to be in operation.

Commercial law is essentially always a form of civil law. This means it involves cases whereby a dispute between two private entities is taken to court to be resolved. A common form of a commercial dispute is a contractual dispute.

For example, two businesses may enter a contract. Business A is contracted to deliver 100kg of building supplies per week to Business B, for 1 year, for a fixed upfront fee of £1,000. Twenty weeks into the contract, Business A fails to deliver the building supplies to Business B. As a result, Business B loses profits. Business A then refuses to compensate Business B for their losses. In such circumstances, a commercial dispute has arisen, and Business B may wish to take legal action, in order to obtain his losses through a form of compensation called damages.
<h2><strong>What Does a Commercial Lawyer Do?</strong></h2>
This question has a plethora of answers. A <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/how-to-become-a-barrister-in-uk/">barrister</a> in a high-end commercial chamber with 25 years of experience may find themselves in the Court of Appeal and the <a href="https://www.supremecourt.uk/decided-cases/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court</a> every few weeks, advocating for their wealthy client on uber-complex points of law.

Conversely, a <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/what-is-a-solicitor/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">solicitor</a> in a smaller city firm with 3 years of experience may be preparing documents and analysing financial reports of a small business who wishes to liquidise (no longer exist). No matter where one practices commercial law, there are a few things which are certain.

Firstly, you will be dealing with an intellectually stimulating area of work. There is no denying that commercial law is challenging. The laws which you will be dealing with are complex and technical. You will need to have an eye for detail, and some intellectual prowess. Secondly, commercial lawyers work long hours. Whether you are a solicitor in a <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/law-firms/magic-circle-law-firms/">Magic Circle</a> law firm in London, or a barrister in a smaller chambers in Manchester, you will work 50 to 60 to even 70 hour weeks when working on a particularly big case. You will need to have a good work ethic to become one of the best.
<h2><strong>Commercial Law Jobs</strong></h2>
The variety of work in commercial law is reflected within the number of jobs the area offers. The most obvious and stimulating job would be to be a commercial solicitor in a large city law firm. These firms deal with the highest quality of cases, and handle the most exciting work.

However, jobs such as these are notoriously hard to come by for law graduates. They are incredibly competitive and oversubscribed. However, they are not impossible. If your application is attractive enough, you could become a big-city commercial lawyer. <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/law-firms/">Large city firms</a> include:
<ul>
 	<li>DWF</li>
 	<li>Linklaters</li>
 	<li>Clifford Chance</li>
 	<li>Slaughter &amp; May</li>
 	<li>Allen &amp; Overy</li>
 	<li>Herbert Smith Freehills</li>
 	<li>Burges Salmon</li>
</ul>
There is also a variety of work at the commercial bar. Lower level barristers outside of London may find themselves in the smaller courts, advocating on smaller cases, such as insolvencies. In London they may be helping a more senior barrister on a more significant case. Commercial law chambers include:
<ul>
 	<li>Kings Chambers</li>
 	<li>Brick Court Chambers</li>
 	<li>Twenty Essex Chambers</li>
 	<li>Exchange Chambers</li>
 	<li>Fountain Court Chambers</li>
</ul>
By Josh Parsons

Areas of Law: Commercial Law

Clinical negligence is widely considered one of the most competitive areas of law. This area of law is concerned with providing compensation for injury or death that was the result of a mistake during medical treatment. Although it is commonly used to refer to lawyers working on behalf of patients, it also encompasses those working on behalf of medical practitioners to contest these claims. While it is commonly conflated with personal injury, clinical negligence is more focused on the medical complexities of treatment while personal injury usually deals with accidents outside of healthcare settings.
<h2><strong>What is Clinical Negligence?</strong></h2>
Clinical negligence is the tort that provides protection for patients against medical or healthcare practitioners who through their mistakes or carelessness cause unnecessary physical or mental harm to the patient. Given the variety of factors involved in whether medical treatment is successful, this area of law can be very nuanced and requires both knowledge of the law and the NHS and private healthcare sector.

While clinical negligence is a specialised sector plentiful in supply and demand, this sector primarily covers two areas of law; tort and contract. Tort legislation and case law outlines the process by which practitioners can be held at fault for the injury or death or misdiagnosis, and this is what the lawyer will focus on. For cases involving insurance companies, knowledge of contract law and what terms are legally enforceable is pivotal.&nbsp;
<h2><strong>What Does a Clinical Negligence Lawyer Do?</strong></h2>
Among the many tasks shared across the legal sector, clinical negligence lawyers perform more specialised tasks.

Importantly, the lawyer must prioritise reading any new correspondence from case parties. The <a href="https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Civil Procedure Rules</a> set out strict deadlines for when cases can be brought. The lawyer must prioritise all ongoing cases accordingly to ensure no client ends up missing their chance. A firm can have dozens of cases ongoing at once.

For new cases, the lawyer will have to take witness statements from friends/family of the patient, as well as correspondence from the defendant. Using this, they will draft a medical chronology of the treatment. They should then be able to identify at what point any mistakes were made. Importantly, actions taken in medical treatment are not considered in hindsight; the lawyer must consider what the practitioner knew at the time they chose to act.

Once both sides have their information, they will typically try to reach a settlement before going to trial. If negotiations fail, pre-trial meetings will take place. These will have a panel of experts, usually other practitioners, to determine the scope of injury. The claimant lawyer will also use their client’s financial records to determine the value of compensation they are seeking. Bundles of medical information can easily go into thousands of pages.
<h2><strong>What Makes a Good Clinical Negligence Lawyer?</strong></h2>
<ul>
 	<li><strong>Communication Skills</strong>&nbsp;– A single case can involve patients, practitioners, insurance company representatives and other professionals relying on technical knowledge. The lawyer must be able to navigate all parties involved.</li>
 	<li><strong>Empathy</strong>&nbsp;– Clinical negligence work involves communication with those recently injured/bereaved, or otherwise undergoing extreme distress. The lawyer must be able to show sympathy while maintaining their professional manner.</li>
 	<li><strong>Time Management</strong>&nbsp;– Clinical negligence cases can go on for weeks or months, but can also change dramatically when new information comes to light. The lawyer must stick to a lengthy schedule and learn what deadlines to prioritise.</li>
</ul>
<h2><strong>Clinical Negligence Practitioners</strong></h2>
There are plenty of <a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/law-firms/">law firms</a> that serve clients that need clinical negligence help:
<ul>
 	<li>Brabners - Claimants</li>
 	<li>Browne Jacobson - Defendants</li>
 	<li>Capsticks - Defendants</li>
 	<li>Fieldfisher - Claimants</li>
 	<li>Hempsons - Defendants</li>
 	<li>Hill Dickinson - Defendants</li>
 	<li>Irwin Mitchell - Claimants</li>
 	<li>Kingsley Napley - Claimants</li>
 	<li>Shoosmiths - Claimants</li>
 	<li>Weightmans - Defendants</li>
</ul>
By Charles Burton

Areas of Law: Clinical Negligence

The following article has been engineered to give you a brief outline of civil law. It is a wide topic, covering various areas of law. This article will provide you with some examples of civil law, explain to you how civil law differs from criminal law and explain what civil lawyers do on a day-to-day basis.
<h2><strong>What is Civil Law?</strong></h2>
Civil law encapsulates a plethora of different smaller areas of law. These range from torts to medical negligence, to commercial and contractual disputes. Essentially, any area of law which does not involve the state is a form of civil law. A helpful reminder is that civil law is law between civilians. It is private law.

Civil law is the type of law which a layperson is most likely to deal with. If somebody is the victim of a negligent driver, and suffers whiplash as a result, then they may need to interact with civil law, in the form of a claim of negligence against the other driver.

In criminal law, the prosecution brings a case against the defendant whereas in civil law, anyone can bring a claim. They are called a claimant, though you may see them referred to as the ‘plaintiff’. If when you study law, you will see that this is reflected in the names of cases. Criminal cases are, the vast majority of the time, stated as ‘R v Jones’, whereas civil cases will be ‘Smith v Jones’. This is because in criminal cases, the defendant is against the state, which is written as ‘R’, which stands for Regina.
<h2><strong>What Does a Civil Lawyer Do?</strong></h2>
There is no straightforward answer to this question. A civil lawyer may be in the lower-level County Courts, dealing with personal injury claims arising out of negligence, or, a civil lawyer may be in the Royal Courts of Justice in London, arguing in a multi-million-pound business dispute. There is a tremendous breadth of work in civil law.

With that being said, a civil lawyer’s work can be boiled down to some key elements.
<ol>
 	<li>They will be meeting with lay-clients, collecting information for claims/ defences, and curating that information so it can be used as effective evidence for legal argumentation.</li>
 	<li>They will be engaging in legal correspondence with the opposing legal counsel.</li>
 	<li>They will be dealing with ‘damages’, which mainly takes the form of money. Most civil claims will involve the claimant suing the defendant for money.</li>
 	<li>They will be dealing with often sensitive issues. People who are bringing civil claims will have often experienced some form of physical or mental trauma, and it is a civil lawyer’s job to ensure that they are at ease with the often-intimidating legal processes.</li>
</ol>
<h2><strong>Civil Law Firms</strong></h2>
There are, again, a tremendous amount of civil law firms. Technically speaking, magic circle firms in London are civil law firms, as they will, in the vast majority of cases, be dealing with civil law issues. This could range from a multi-million-pound business dispute to their client being sued by another.

The<a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/law-firms/"> larger firms</a> in London will typically offer a larger amount of money to their employees. A training contract at a magic circle law firm is normally £45,000 in the first year, £65,000 in the second year, and then up to £125,000 once qualified. The ‘<a href="https://careerinlaw.net/uk/law-firms/magic-circle-law-firms/">magic circle</a>’ firms are:
<ul>
 	<li>Clifford Chance</li>
 	<li>Allen &amp; Overy</li>
 	<li>Linklaters</li>
 	<li>Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer</li>
 	<li>Slaughter and May</li>
</ul>
Smaller civil firms also enumerate their employees very well. Some will match their magic circle counterparts’ pay packages, whereas some will be slightly lower. Examples of some smaller, yet still large firms include:
<ul>
 	<li>DLA Piper</li>
 	<li>DWF</li>
 	<li>Hogan Lovells</li>
 	<li>Eversheds Sutherland</li>
 	<li>CMS</li>
 	<li>Pinsent Masons</li>
 	<li>Baker and McKenzie</li>
 	<li>Ashurst</li>
</ul>
There are many smaller law firms that operate in civil law. It is up to you to find the right firm for you. Your choice may depend on many factors: location, pay, specialties, and more.

By Joshua Parsons

Areas of Law: Civil Law

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