{"id":14143,"date":"2023-07-08T16:44:33","date_gmt":"2023-07-08T16:44:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/careerinlaw.net\/uk\/?p=14143"},"modified":"2023-11-23T09:45:12","modified_gmt":"2023-11-23T14:45:12","slug":"case-summary-ivey-v-genting-casinos-uk-ltd-t-a-crockfords-2017-uksc-67","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/careerinlaw.net\/uk\/case-summary-ivey-v-genting-casinos-uk-ltd-t-a-crockfords-2017-uksc-67","title":{"rendered":"Case Summary: Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd t\/a Crockfords [2017] UKSC 67"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-legal-principles-and-key-points\"><strong>Legal Principles and Key Points:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In the case of Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd t\/a Crockfords [2017] UKSC 67, it was confirmed by the Supreme Court what the correct test for dishonesty was in claims of dishonest assistance. The second limb of the Ghosh test was removed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Facts of Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd t\/a Crockfords [2017] UKSC 67<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Professional gambler Mr Ivey (C) appealed against the decision of the respondent casino (D)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This decision was the refusal to pay C his winnings of over \u00a37 million, the basis being that he had cheated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using the \u2018edge-sorting\u2019 technique, C could see physical differences between the cards<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He believed this to be an honest technique, whereas the D found it to be cheating<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C argued he did not meet the subjective second limb of the Ghosh test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The court at first instance found that even though subjectively C did not believe he was cheating, it was the opposite at law and in fact<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C appealed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Issues in Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd t\/a Crockfords [2017] UKSC 67<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Had the D cheated?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the definition of dishonesty, would this include where the D did not believe he was being such (as in the case here)?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Held by the Supreme Court<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appeal dismissed. Even though there is a difference in the standard of proof between criminal and civil proceedings, \u2018cheating\u2019 carries the same meaning when considering an implied term of not cheating applying s42. It may not necessarily involve dishonesty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Lord Hughes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2018Dishonesty\u2019:<\/p><div id=\"caree-3875804539\" class=\"caree-within-the-content caree-entity-placement\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/careerinlaw.net\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/10\/MRF-169650-in-article-336x280-1.png\" alt=\"\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/careerinlaw.net\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/10\/MRF-169650-in-article-336x280-1.png 448w, https:\/\/careerinlaw.net\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/10\/MRF-169650-in-article-336x280-1-300x250.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" width=\"448\" height=\"373\"  style=\"display: inline-block;\" \/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lord Hughes recognised that there is \u201cno means a defined concept\u201d when applying dishonesty to a criminal charge. It should be left as a question of fact and standards, and the judge should not attempt to define it further than \u201cthe limited extent that section 2 of the Theft Act 1968\u201d [48]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cMost of the Theft Act 1968 offences required dishonesty without any elaboration of its meaning \u2026 This reflects the view of the Criminal Law Revision Committee that dishonesty was a matter to be left to a jury; it said at para 39 that \u201cDishonesty is something which laymen can easily recognise when they see it\u201d.\u201d [53]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ghosh [1982]<\/em> provided \u201csignificant refinement to the test for dishonesty\u201d [54] however:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cthere are a number of serious problems about the second leg of the rule adopted in R v Ghosh.\u201d [57]<ul><li>it unintentionally shows \u201cthe more warped the defendant\u2019s standards of honesty are, the less likely it is that he will be convicted of dishonest behaviour.\u201d<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>It depends on the D\u2019s actual state of mind<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>The jurors find difficulty applying it<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>There is \u201cunprincipled divergence between the test for dishonesty in criminal proceedings and \u2026 civil\u201d<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>\u201cIt represented a significant departure from the pre-Theft Act 1968 law, when there is no indication that such a change had been intended.\u201d<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cit was not compelled by authority\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cthe second leg of the test propounded in <em>R v Ghosh [1982] QB 1053<\/em> does not correctly represent the law and that directions based upon it ought no longer to be given.\u201d [74]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore the correct test is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cas set out by Lord Nicholls in Royal Brunei Airlines [1995] and by Lord Hoffmann in Barlow Clowes International [2006] \u2026 When dishonesty is in question the fact-finding tribunal must first ascertain (subjectively) the actual state of the individual\u2019s knowledge or belief as to the facts. The reasonableness or otherwise of his belief is a matter of evidence \u2026 going to whether he held the belief, but it is not an additional requirement that his belief must be reasonable; the question is whether it is genuinely held. When once his actual state of mind as to knowledge or belief as to facts is established, the question whether his conduct was honest or dishonest is to be determined by the fact-finder by applying the (objective) standards of ordinary decent people.\u201d [1235]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In the present case, Lord Hughes distinguished between truthfulness and dishonesty, ultimately finding Mr Ivey guilty of cheating<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cit is a fallacy to suggest that his finding that Mr Ivey was truthful when he said that he did not regard what he did as cheating amounted to a finding that his behaviour was honest. It was not. It was a finding that he was, in that respect, truthful. Truthfulness is indeed one characteristic of honesty, and untruthfulness is often a powerful indicator of dishonesty, but a dishonest person may sometimes be truthful about his dishonest opinions, as indeed was the defendant in <em>R v Gilks [1972] 1 WLR 1341<\/em>\u201d [1236]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Legal Principles and Key Points: Facts of Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd t\/a Crockfords [2017] UKSC 67 Issues in Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd t\/a Crockfords [2017] UKSC 67 Held by the Supreme Court Lord Hughes \u2018Dishonesty\u2019: Ghosh [1982] provided \u201csignificant refinement to the test for dishonesty\u201d [54] however: Therefore the correct test [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":13103,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-14143","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-case-summaries","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.4 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Case Summary: Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd t\/a Crockfords [2017] UKSC 67 | Careerinlaw.net | UK<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In the case of Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd t\/a Crockfords [2017] UKSC 67, it was confirmed by the Supreme Court what the correct test for dishonesty was in claims of dishonest assistance. 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